--Modern War Institute Russian policies have increased Putin’s popularity at home but at the same time have severely damaged Putin’s and Russia’s reputation around the world where few people trust Putin and Russian leaders. The notion of ongoing Russian hybrid warfare against the West has had one clear positive security outcome during the last few years: the West has awakened from the twenty-five years of … For NATO, originally designed as an interstate alliance with the purpose of defending its members against external aggression, and despite NATO’s rediscovery of this purpose over the last three years, Russia’s largely successful deployment of hybrid tactics in Ukraine demonstrated the complexities of modern-day warfare. While hybrid warfare is not new — it is a natural progression of the concepts of combined arms and joint warfare — Russia’s approach to it warrants analysis. The Kerch attack showed the next escalation of Russian revanchism in hybrid warfare can extend beyond the territorial boundaries of Ukraine proper into areas of maritime law and core Geneva Convention protections. To do so, Russian hybrid Nations with comparable means in pursuit of limited objectives will likely view Russia’s approach to hybrid warfare as an example of how to operate aggressively without provoking a large international response from a military standpoint. Since then, this so-called hybrid warfare—the use of proxies, disinformation, and other measures short of war—has dominated discussion of Russia’s newly assertive posture on the world stage. By contrast, the U.S thinks of hybrid warfare as actions or tactics used before a conventional war. Russia considers hybrid warfare a form of conflict which includes strategic uses of economic, diplomatic, and influence operations, along with the use of military forces and espionage. Many have argued that the Russian actions we saw in Ukraine were part of a completely new strategy while others have suggested that there was nothing new in Russia’s actions. Fridman explains how Russia and the West got into such an insane blame-game in this fascinating volume, which is about the idea of hybrid warfare rather than its practice." Russian paradigm of hybrid warfare, with its paradoxical employment of offensive operations to set up the defense, as a viable solution to achieve similar political objectives in future conflicts. Russia has used them in the Middle East, in the United States, and in Europe. Russian hybrid warfare, examined throughout this monograph, is a whole-of-government approach to warfare that seeks to operate covertly or through the use of partisan forces, but is more than capable and willing to operate overtly with conventional combat power to achieve its ends. 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