Book excerpt: Examines cultural analogies between Native Americans and Africans, offering evidence of the presence of African explorers in the New World centuries before the arrival of Columbus. Notes on Mesoamerican Civilization, Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System predating the Anglo American presence; however, in 1847, Mexico lost approximately half of its territory to the United States. African Muslims were an integral part of creating America from mapping its borders to fighting against British rule. Revised Edition II, 2018. This is no longer possible. The existence of foregone lost civilizations is an established fact. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. Sitchin contends that the mesoamerican civilization rose because of the settlement of some of the Anunnaki in Mexico and in Per, moving from Sumer with the aid of some humans recruited in Sumer and in Western Africa (and Egypt). There is now undisputed scientific proof that the first Americans were descended from Africans or Australian aborigines, according to evidence in a new BBC documentary. Racial Gaps in Early Childhood Socio-emotional nccp.org, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. The Indian scholar, Rafique Jairazbhoy, has studied the ancient Egyptians and the Olmecs in great detail and has pointed to many other ritual parallels between the two groups. Understand evolution from watch groups to formalized police agencies. AFRICAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSLIM PRESENC1, the early stages of development in both England and Colonial America, citizens were responsible for law Examine the English roots of American policing. Van Sertima also discussed many of these topics in his several published books including Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern (1983), Black Women in Antiquity (1984), The African Presence in Early Asia (1985), Great Black Leaders, Ancient and Modern (1988), and Egypt: The Child of Africa (1994). The African Presence in Ancient America: Evidence from Physical Anthropology, in African Presence in Early America. Historically, the African people have been exceptional explorers and purveyors of culture across the world. Runoko Rashidi is an anthropologist and historian with a major focus on what he calls the Global African Presence-that is, Africans outside of Africa before and after enslavement. 1 0 obj Clearly, Africans helped civilize America well before Europeans discovered America, and well before Europeans claim to have civilized Africa. Further concrete evidence, noted by Dr. Imhotep and largely ignored by Euro-centric archaeologists, includes Egyptian artifacts found across North America from the Algonquin writings on the East Coast to the artifacts and Egyptian place names in the Grand Canyon.. ), Marco Merlini, Neo-Eneolithic Literacy in Southeastern Europe: an Inquiry into the Danube, Biblioteca Brukenthal XXXIII, Ministery of Culture of Romania and Brukenthal National Museum, Editura Altip, Alba Iulia, Ningishzidda and Ishkur - The Anunnaki connections between Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Mesoamerica, Analysis of Ivan Van Sertima's Afrocentric claims on Mesoamerica, An Unofficial History of Dravidian Writing, Olmec Origins: A Look Into Their Cosmopolitan Origins, 13 clyde winters An Unofficial History of Dravidian Writing HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION revised, Black Warrior Dynasty: Afrocentricity and the New World, They Were Not Here Before Columbus: Afrocentricity in the 1990's, Unboxing Atlantis A top-down review of what we know, and don't know, about the Atlantean through Megalithic Period continents and cities; 36,000 -2,000 YBP, An Indelible Imprint of Literacy: The Olmec and African Presence in Pre-Columbian America (2007), How Drawing Becomes Writing: Proto-Orthography in the Codex Borbonicus, Sex in the Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, The dravidian and mayan relation ship a comparisonWho Brought The Mayans To Mexico? The Olmec an African Presence in Early America, Early America Revisited Paperback. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Similarities across early American and African religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact. Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York (for the general audience) Report [PDF - 13 MB] Credits, Acknowledgments, and Table of Contents [PDF - 2 MB] Volume I The Secular Use of Lower Manhattan's African Burial Ground. ed. One of the worlds most renowned craniologists, Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski, revealed to the 41, In this same vein, historian Frederick Peterson has written that [w]e can trace the progress of man in Mexico without noting any definite Old World influence during this period (1000-650 B.C.) She is also W.E.B. Van Sertima makes it plain that Early America Revisited is more than a stack of evidence about the physical presence of Africans in pre-Columbian America, it is the study of how two peoples and cultures can lead to cross fertilization. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. "The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. % The unmistakable face and handprint of black Africans in pre-Columbian America, and their overwhelming impact on the civilizations they encountered is undeniable. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. He is the author or editor of eighteen books, the most recent of which . <> The growing body of evidence is now becoming simply too loud to ignore. He is the author of Introduction to the Study of African Classical Civilizations] (1993) and the editor of Unchained African Voices, a collection of poetry and prose by Death Row inmates at California's San Quentin maximum-security prison. Part I. According to the toltec and aztec legends they both came by sea. Jairazbhoy believes that the earliest settlers were ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, At fourth grade, African-American boys score about 30 points lower than white boys and the gap increases to close to 40 points by eighth grade. Ivan Van Sertima (1935-2009) was professor of African studies at Rutgers University. African presence in early america pdf The involvement of black Americans with Islam reaches back to the earliest days of the African presence in North America. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult., Author C.C. In Egypt there are numerous sculptures depicting four figurines symbolically holding up the sky. CAPE EVIDENCE OF WEST AFRICAN MOVEMENTS TO THE AMERICAS LESSON 2. Privateering, colonial expansion and the African presence in Early Anglo-Dutch Settlements 2. Out of Stock. Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. The existence of Negroes and giants is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil Several archaeological objects found in various locations demonstrate their existence Memories of them in the most ancient traditions induce us to believe that the Negroes were the first inhabitants of Mexico13, Another authority, J.A. Dozens of their skulls and cave writings have been found dating back to 50,000 years. Contact him on [emailprotected], Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). On the strength of the colossal Olmec heads and other evidence, several early Mexican scholars concurred with Melgars contention that Black people settled the New World, particularly Mexico, in antiquity. Tottenham. CIIS Library Database. 366A High Road. Black History, American History. cit., p.65. The Olmecs were an advanced state and have been called the Cultura Madre of Pre-classic Mesoamerica; what perhaps defines them is the cosmopolitan nature of many of their artifacts. Some African-Americans who played a significant role in the American Revolution were: Crispus Attucks - an African-American member of the Sons of Liberty who was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770. 9.45. Pp. Contrary to popular belief, African American history did not start with slavery in the New World. %%O J8J:=t6gIg&K:L u'6KBDPgTHDIDI5o5$\3Q3J5h5$]fKF]QJF(I%J8Jf+#Z(iW&V2]Tw5i[$]jV$rYftqAAVrb9gXP:*]]`gea?XQ$ I think it is due, at this point, to spend some time entering in details about these two deities, who were secondary characters at Sumer, but preheminent deities in Mesoamerica and Southamerica. He edited the Journal of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the way in which African history and culture are taught and studied. In September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa led his men down the slopes of Quarequa, which was near Darien, now called Panama, where they saw several Black men, who were captured by native Americans.3 Balboa asked the Indians whence they got them [the Black people], but they could not tell, nor did they know more than this, that men of this color were living nearby and they were constantly waging war with them. The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity. Edited by Ivan Van Sertima and Runoko Rashidi. The Portuguese, Kongo and Ndongo and the origins of Atlantic Creole culture to 1607 3. 102-117. Many readers will find the evidence presented here startling. Divining America The Foreign Missionary Movement in 19th Professor Everett Borders notes another very important indication of African presence, which is the nature of early American pyramids. Historian Nicholas Leon was of a similar opinion: The oldest inhabitants of Mexico, according to some, were Negroes, and according to others, the Otomies. Author David Imhotep cites a number of scientists and scholars who have identified prehistoric skulls and skeletons of Black people of the Austro-Negrito type, dating back to as early as 56,000 years ago, throughout the New World. copyright owner. Become Member of African Presence in Ancient America before Columbus YouTube, Analyzing early modern Iberia, Africa, and Latin America as aspects of a single, unified (73), Wheat traces how developments in one area reverberated in the others. Three early popes were African. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. A clear indicator of pre-Columbus African trans-Atlantic travel is the recent archeological findings of narcotics native to America in Ancient Egyptian mummies, which have astounded contemporary historians. According to Michael Coe, the worlds foremost authority on Olmec culture, There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in Mesoamerica, whether Mexican or Mayan, rest ultimately on an Olmec base.32 Van Sertima adds: The Olmec civilization was formative and seminal: it was to touch all others on this continent, directly or indirectly.33, Olmec monument from Tres Zapotes, Mexico (c. 1100 B.C. Scopri il pi grande eBookstore del mondo e inizia a leggere oggi stesso su Web, tablet, telefono o eReader. Cites Thor Heydals Atlantic crossing to demonstrate the possibility of Egyptians crossing the Atlantic and argues that both East and West Africans had the capacity for trans Atlantic travel . 7-The Underrepresentation of African American Female The contributors include Frederick Douglass (1866), Booker T. Washington, (1896, 1899) and W.E.B. African American history began with slavery, as white European settlers first brought Africans to the continent to serve as enslaved workers. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, pp.73-75. In schools up and down the country, little children are taught that a heroic Italian explorer discovered America, and various events and parades are held to celebrate the occasion. What makes the Tres Zapotes, La Venta and other Olmec sites unique is that the artifacts are similar in nature to artifacts and icons of the Mycenaean, the Malinke-Mande/Bambara and the Shang. Stone carving of Negroid person found in area close to Washitaw Territories, Southern U.S. endobj Ancient sea-going vessel used by the Egyptians and Nubians in ancient times. Sun 17 September 2017 16:00 - 19:00. The Ancient Ancestors of Egypt and West Africa traveled to The Indus Valley civilization was at its height from about 2200 B.C.E. These substances are known to only be derived from American plants. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. One of the worlds most renowned craniologists, Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski, revealed to the 41st Congress of Americanists in Mexico in September 1974, that African skulls had been discovered at Olmec sites in Tlatilco, Cerro de las Mesas and Monte Alban. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA Ancient Egypt progressed from the original stepped pyramid of Djosser, to the more sophisticated finished product at Giza. African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima, ed. Pdf_module_version 0.0.19 Ppi 300 Republisher_date 20200128192458 Republisher_operator associate-jessa-lubiano@archive.org Republisher_time 504 Scandate 20200128085733 Scanner station39.cebu.archive.org Scanningcenter When viewed in their totality these cultural similarities strongly suggest that there was contact between the ancient Africans from the Nile Valley and the Olmec people. To begin with, and as a significant example, a Feb. 15, 1986, report carried by the, chronicled that: "The oldest Stone Age hut in Japan has been unearthed near Osaka. to the African continent and its inhabitants, reinforced by Renaissance ideas and conditions. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, The roots of the Hispanic/Latino presence in the U.S. go back to colonial times when most of the countrys southern flank was under Spanish rule. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.48. A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL AFRICAN PRESENCE BOOK LIST Compiled and posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI ***DEDICATED TO DR. JOHN HENRIK CLARKE (1915-1998)*** Akbar, Na'im. A similar sculpture has been discovered at the Olmec site of Portrero Nuevo. THE PRESENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOLARSHIP IN EARLY, THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN ANCIENT AMERICA REVISITED WITH RUNOKO RASHIDI An exciting new DVD by Runoko Rashidi! Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and amazingly negroid in character.16, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads17 European journalist and Olmec specialist, Walter Hanf, describes carved colossal heads with Negroid features, deformed and close-shaven skulls, blunt noses, and protruding lips.18 Author and anthropologist Sharon McKern states that the colossal heads are inescapably Negroid.19. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force to work in the New World. endstream The same is true for studies of the African diaspora, but that does not mean that African migration lacks significance in either field. The existence of Negroes and giants is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil Several archaeological objects found in various locations demonstrate their existence Memories of them in the most ancient traditions induce us to believe that the Negroes were the first inhabitants of Mexico, Another authority, J.A. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master., Ivan Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, in Ivan Van Sertima (ed.). Their rights were severely limited, and they were long denied a . Numerous wall paintings in caves in Juxtlahuaca depict the famous ancient Egyptian opening of the mouth and cross libation rituals. Of enormous importance both for European and for American history, this book mixes empirical material and theoretical approaches, and addresses such issues as stereotypes, changing black African identities, and cultural representation in art and . Melgars mind, wrote art historian Alexander von Wuthenau, not yet tainted by certain currents of modern (and perhaps not so modern) anthropology, reacted quite normally to this newly found evidence of [the] black mans presence in ancient America. The most striking similarities between the two cultures are seen in the magnificent stone structures that have been found on both sides of the Atlantic. The Black Experience in Colonial Latin America Latin Edited by Ivan Van Sertima, pp. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. MAA MAAT CENTRE. The New York Times has stated that this long awaited monument to centuries of African American suffering and triumphs makes a powerful declaration: The African-American story is a central part of the American story.. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, Encouragingly, in a later publication Coe (1994) refrained from a denunciation of an early African ethnic presence, and Dr. Clyde Winters (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1997, 2005, 2013) has reported the evidence in greater detail. African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. In America we have no antecedents for the construction of pyramids, for example, whereas there is a clear series of evolving steps and stages [in pyramid building] in the Egypto-Nubian world., Van Sertima asks, Where do the first miniature step pyramid and the first manmade mountain or conical pyramid appear in America? He was considered one of the African Christian martyrs. He wrote: Cleared of the surrounding earth, it [the colossal head] presented an awe-inspiring spectacle. African Presence Asia-America - Worksheet 4-2.docx 3 pages The Roots of Nubian Christianity - Worksheet 1.pdf 2 pages AFS 201 FINAL EXAM.doc 3 pages LOST PHARAOHS OF NUBIA - Worksheet 2.pdf 3 pages Greco-Africana - Worksheet 5.docx 3 pages COMPETENCY WORKSHEET #4 (1).pdf 2 pages Africans.pdf 3 pages The volume is profusely illustrated. Africa and Latin America have the potential to deal with the problems thrown . Father Fray Gregoria Garcia, a priest of the Dominican order who spent nine years in Peru during the early sixteenth century, identified an island off of Cartagena, Columbia as the place where the Spanish first found Black people in the New World. Jews Selling Blacks: Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews, "I Have Been Vindicated," Interview Final Call, 1992, How the Jews Crushed a Black Slave Revolt. In his. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient America, op. Ancient trans-Atlantic similarities in botany, religion and pyramid building constitute but a fraction of the signs of African influence in ancient America. As time allows us to drift further and further away from the European age of exploration and we move beyond an age of racial intellectual prejudice, historians are beginning to recognize that Africans were skilled navigators long before Europeans, contrary to popular belief. and the Mandingo-Songhay trading voyages (from early fourteenth to late fifteenth century). Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern (Journal of African Civilizations ; Vol. These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies.4 Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains.5, Father Fray Gregoria Garcia, a priest of the Dominican order who spent nine years in Peru during the early sixteenth century, identified an island off of Cartagena, Columbia as the place where the Spanish first found Black people in the New World. There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in [Mexico and Central America], rest ultimately on an Olmec base, once remarked Michael Coe, a leading historian on Mexico. How central the role was that African Americans played has never been completely told and, unfortunately, a pivotal part of that history has been excluded from this exhibit. Speaking specifically about the African influence on the Olmec culture, historian Zecharia Sitchin provides this view: It is an embarrassing enigma, because it challenges scholars and prideful nationalists to explain how people from, In a world accustomed to suppressing, distorting, ignoring or denying the achievements of Black Africans it is difficult to accept the historical paradigm shift mandated by the evidence presented here. The African Presence in Early A sia. However, at La Venta in Mexico, the Olmecs made a fully finished pyramid, with no signs of progressive learning. He furthermore cites a document of Francisco Nunez Vega (1691), who describes an ancient calendar found in Chiapas that mentions seven negritos representing the seven planets., In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. His topic will be "The African Presence in Ancient America" at BCC's Davie campus at 11 a.m., and he will be the featured speaker at the "Africa and the Diaspora" program scheduled for 1 to 5 p.m . The first one is between 800 and 700 BC, during the 25th dynasty of the Egyptian Pharaonic civilization. Black Jews of Africa History Religion Identity Oxford Runoko Rashidied, African Presence in Early Asia, US, Transaction Publishers, 1995. Students should have an understanding of their agricultural, economic and . except a strong Negroid substratum connected with the Magicians [Olmecs].27 Finally, in February of 1975, a team from the Smithsonian Institute reported the discovery of two Negroid male skeletons in a grave in the U.S. Virgin Islands. . What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America. Atlantic Creole culture: patterns of transformation and adaptations, 1607-60 5. BLACK AFRICAS HISTORY This book was salvational in many ways at the time of its publication. Be the first one to, New Brunswick, U.S.A. : Transaction Publishers, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, America -- Discovery and exploration -- African, urn:lcp:africanpresencei0000unse:lcpdf:e9d7ac7a-7f27-448d-a914-e93f9767cdf9, urn:lcp:africanpresencei0000unse:epub:33e1058d-23e5-49ab-9e20-50b036e1ca76, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). I reflected that there had undoubtedly been Blacks in this country and this had been in the first epoch of the world10 Since Melgars discovery sixteen other colossal stone heads have been found in many parts of Mexico, including ancient sacred sites such as La Venta and Tres Zapotes in southern Mexico. Directed by REMONE L. FOSTER, LL.B IMPORTANT NOTICE The first topic on the CAPE History Unit 1 syllabus requires students to consider one Advanced indigenous group (Maya, Inca or Aztec) and one simple indigenous group (Tupi, Kalinago and Taino). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Prince Easterbrooks - a slave in Lexington who had enlisted in Captain John Parker's militia and who was wounded at Concord, April 19, 1775. In 1311 AD, another major wave of African exploration to the New World was led by King Abubakari II, the ruler of the fourteenth century Mali Empire, which was larger than the Holy Roman Empire. Bronze head of an ancient king from Benin, West Africa, The tradition of fine sculpture in West Africa goes back long before 1000 B.C. To solve the most common PDF-display issues, follow the steps in Troubleshoot viewing PDF files on the web. Early America Revisited is a vigorous defense and amplification of Ivan Van Sertima's classic work, They Came Before Columbus. Early American Scans NetSuite The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. The Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews: NOW AVAILABLE! The work focuses largely on contact between Africa and America towards the close of the Bronze Age (circa 948-680 B.C.) Publication date 1992 Topics Blacks . Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, op. In the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) founded by Kubilai Khan, the Black presence is visible in a number of notable paintings. This also holds true for large sections of Mesoamerica and far into South America Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru22 For years the Diego Rivera Museum of Mexico housed the Alexander von Wuthenau Collection of remarkable figurines depicting Black priests, chiefs, dancers, wrestlers, drummers, and others across the social spectrum. We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! Ivan Van Sertima. The African and Muslim Discovery of America Before In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. Van Sertima states that what clinches the argument for the African presence in early (pre-Columbian) America are the skulls and skeletons of African people that were found on the ancient Olmec site. Rev. When most people think about ancient Mexico, the first civilizations that come to mind are the Incas, Aztecs and the Maya. Price To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. 2 0 obj Re-Genesis Encyclopedia: Synthesis of the Spiritual Dark Motherline, Integral Research, Labyrinth Learning, and EcoThealogy. A number of black leftists survived the most repressive years of the early Cold War to participate in the post-war African American civil rights movement. The information presented on this page and in the brochure is explored at greater length in Fishers' Discovering Early California Afro-Latino Presence (Heyday Books, 2010). For example, there are hand-shaped incense spoons found in Olmec sites that are almost identical to their Eyptian counterparts and have similar names. One of these articles, African Popes, discussed the lives of the three African pontiffs: St. Victor I (189-199), St. Miltiades (311-314) and St WHEAT David. He was visiting professor at Princeton University and lectured at more than one hundred colleges and universities. Scientific analysis of the surrounding soil suggests that the skeletons date back to about 1250 A.D.28, Any objective analysis of the evidence clearly shows that Black people reached the Americas thousands of years before Columbus. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. Many web browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari, now use their own PDF viewer instead of the Adobe PDF plug-in. Our focus here, however, is on the Negroid skulls and skeletons that have been discovered at ancient and medieval New World sites. Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains. Mayan and African oral traditions speak of pre-Columbian expeditions across the Atlantic from east to west; Who, then, were the Africans who sailed to America in antiquity? On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. 3 examine factors that can contribute to early resilience. It seems that rather than barriers, the Pacific and Atlantic have acted as liquid highways since at least the appearance of the Olmec around 15 BCE. In Egypt there are numerous sculptures depicting four figurines symbolically holding up the sky. On Monday [October 13 2014], Americas government offices, businesses, and banks all grind to a halt in order to commemorate Columbus Day. Are you ready to come out from where you hide? For publication of Global Research articles in print or other forms including commercial internet sites, contact: [emailprotected]. German toxicologist, Svetla Balabanova, reported findings of cocaine and nicotine in ancient Egyptian mummies. stream This selection of over sixty European paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, books, and decorative objects, dating from around 1480 to around 1605 . The greatest threat towards Africa having a glorious future is her peoples ignorance of Africas glorious past. 1. Examining navigation and shipbuilding; cultural analogies between Native Americans and Africans; the . African explorers crossing the vast Atlantic waters in primitive boats may seem unlikely, or perhaps, far fetched to some. When viewed in their totality these cultural similarities strongly suggest that there was contact between the ancient Africans from the Nile Valley and the Olmec people. Suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the Indus Valley civilization was at height! And the origins of Atlantic Creole culture: patterns of transformation and adaptations, 1607-60 5 European explorers also Black! 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